Ana I. Camacho PérezG. VALDECASAS, A. & A. I. CAMACHO. 1983. Arrenurus papillator (Müller, 1776) en la Península Ibérica. (Acari, Arrenuridae). Graellsia, 39: 139-141. En el curso de un estudio sobre las charcas temporales de la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, España) hemos encontrado una especie de ácaro acuático (Acari, Hydrachnellae), Arrenus papillator (Müller, 1776), que no había sido citado nunca entre las casi 40 especies que se conocen en la zona. En este trabajo hacemos una breve descripción del macho de dicha especie. G. VALDECASAS, A. & A. I. CAMACHO. 1983. Curva de tendencia, diversidad taxonómica y curva de rarefacción en hidracnelas (Acari, Parasitengona). Actas del I Congreso Ibérico de Entomología: 287-295. Trend lines, taxonomic diversity and rarefaction curves are applied to faunal lists. G. VALDECASAS, A., A. FERNANDEZ- LOP & A. I. CAMACHO. 1984. Recurrence and equilibrium of temporal ponds of a mountain range in Central Spain. Arch. Hydrobiol, 102(1):43-51. This paper is an exploration of the model of insular biogeography applicated to a set of temporal ponds in a mountain range. Both hypothesis, ponds as "habitat-island" and mountain range as "continental-island" are considered. Fauna renovation and renovation rate are calculated for water mites. G. VALDECASAS, A., A. I. CAMACHO, J. RODRÍGUEZ & A. BALTANÁS. 1985. Evaluation of the break stages in the anual cycle of a temporary pond: the dry and frozen stages. Actas do II Congresso Ibérico de Entomologia (suplemento 1): 525-534. An evaluation of the effect of the dry and frozen phases on the animal populations of a temporal pond. CAMACHO, A. I. 1986. A new species of the genus Hexabathynella (Syncarida, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from Spain. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 56(1): 123-131. A new species of the genus Hexabathynella is described from Spain. It is the first time thet this genus is found in this country. A rich material has been collected on the banks of the Jarama River (near Madrid) during every season of the year. G. VALDECASAS, A. & A. I. CAMACHO. 1986. Las Hidracnelas Leníticas de la Sierra de Guadarrama. (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnellae). Graellsia, 42: 149-160. En este trabajo se hace un balance de las 51 especies de hidrachnelas
leníticas conocidas de la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, España)
con una clase de determinación para todas ellas. CAMACHO, A. I. & N. COINEAU. 1987. Un nouveau représentant du genre Iberobathynella Schminke en Espagne: I. rouchi n. sp. (Syncarida, Bathynellacea); remarques phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Stygologia, 3(2): 125-137. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Iberobathynella Schminke, I. rouchi n. sp., est décrite. Ses relations phylogénétiques sont mises en évidence; I. rouchi présente des synapomorphies avec. I. lusitanica et I. gracilipes. La répartiton des diverses espèces d'Ibérobathynelles et la localisation de I. rouchi trouvent une explication dans le cadre de la tectonique des plaques et des régressions de la Téthys au Mésozoïque et au Cénozoïque. CAMACHO, A. I. 1987. A new subterranean Sincarid (Crustacea) from Spain: Iberobathynella imuniensis n. sp. (Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae). Arch. Hydrobiol., 111(1): 137-149. A new species of the genus Iberobathynella is described from Spain. All the samples have been collected in small puddles in an underground cave known as "Torca de los Morteros", Imnunía, Burgos. CAMACHO, A. I. 1988. Historia, clave de determinación y distribución del género Iberobathynella (Crustacea; Syncarida; Parabathynellidae) en la Península Ibérica. Actas III Congreso Ibérico Entomología: 43-56. In this paper we presen a brief history of the research works carried out on Parabathinellidae of the Iberian Peninsula. The actual situation pf the genus Iberobathynella is revised and an illustrated key is provided. The differences between the two families of the order Bathynellacea are given in a table. Finally it is shown the distribution of the genus Iberobathynella in the Iberian Peninsula. CAMACHO, A. I. & A. G. VALDECASAS. 1988. Spatial and biocenotic trends in the water-mite fauna of small ponds. Hydrobiologia, 160: 207-217. Forty-one permanent and temporary ponds have been studied in a mountain range in the center of Spain. Abiotic variables are used to characterize the ponds. Spatial and biocenotic distribution patterns of macroinvertebrates with special reference to the water mite fauna are considered. G. VALDECASAS, A. & A. I. CAMACHO. 1986. Las hidracnelas leníticas de la Sierra de Guadarrama. (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnellae). Graellsia, 42: 149-160. En este trabajo se hace un balance de las 51 especies de hidrachnelas leníticas conocidas de la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, España) con una clase de determinación para todas ellas. CAMACHO, A. I. 1988. Comunidades acuáticas subterráneas del norte de la Península Ibérica. Graellsia, 44: 1-17. A preliminary analysis of the freshwater fauna from 34 caves in the northern part of Burgos and Cantabria has revealed the presence of 31 taxa. We describe the caves (localization, depth, etc.) and give the typology of the sampled aquatic habitat. The affinity between caves is studied on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Cross-association between faunal groups and relative significance of crustacea, mollucs and worms is emphasied. Tardigrada and Hydra are mentioned in spanish caves for first time. CAMACHO, A. I . 1989. Los batineláceos (Crustacea, Syncarida) recogidos en la Península Ibérica. Boletín Asoc. Esp. Entom. Salamanca, 13: 71-90. Parabathynellids (Crustacea, Syncarida) of the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper the list of sampling station where 12 species of the family Parabathynellidae have been found is detailed, 10 species of Iberobathynella genus and 2 species of Hexabathynella genus from which this is the first time that the last genus mentioned has appeared in Spain. Data on presence of batinelas in the samples from the different groundwaters environments studied are analyzed, just as the abundance of species and specimens. Finally the distribution of each species found in Iberian Peninsula is analyzed. CAMACHO, A. I. 1989. Iberobathynella notenboomi, spec. nov. from a well in Alicante, South-East Spain (Synacrida, Parabathynellidae). Spixiana, 12(2): 105-113. A new species of the genus Iberobathynella Schminke, 1973, is described from Spain. Including this, 11 species of this genus have been described from the Iberian Peninsula. The material comes from a well located near Orihuela (Alicante), and the species has been found in this locality twice, always represented by but small number of specimens and together with abundant material of the species I. fageti. CAMACHO, A. I. 1989. A new species of the "mateusi group: Iberobathynella ortizi sp. n. (Crustacea, Syncarida, Parabathynellidae). Zoologica Scripta, 18(3): 405-410. A new species of the genus Iberobathynella Schminke, 1973, is
described. The specimens were found in Cova do Rei Cintolo, Lugo, Spain.
The species is included in the "mateusi" group, according
to Schminke's (1973) cladistic analysis. CAMACHO, A. I. & N. COINEAU. 1989. Les parabathynellaces (Crustaces Syncarides) de la Péninsule Ibérique. Repartition et Palebiogéographie. Mémoires de Biospéologie, 16: 111-124. The Syncarida, a primitive group of Crustaceans (Malacostraca) are represented on the Iberian Peninsula by the Bathynellacea, an exclusively underground interstitial order, like in the Eurasian and African continents. More than 800 samples covering most of the spanish regions and some data from Portugal, allow us to establish a general overview. The two families of the Bathynellacea cohabit; the Parabathynellidae seem to be more frequent and they show a relatively uniform distribution over the whole country; the distribution of the Bathynellidae, which are rarer, is limited to about feefteen positive samples in the North-East, in th center and in the South. The spanish Parabathynellidae comprise two genera: Iberobathynella, which is diversified and contain twelve species, and Hexabathynella with only two species. I. fageti and I. mateusi offer a great distribution, while the other species occupy a small area. The detailed study of the localizations of the different species with regard to recent paleological knowledge of the evolution of the Tethys allow the confrontation of two biogeographic hypotheses. In the first one, the swimming larvae of the marine ancestor of the Bathynellacea would have actively invaded the surface freshwater before the Triassic period and would then have entered the underground interstitial domain; this passage to the stygobiontic life is correlated with an evolutionary process based on neoteny (Zoea theory, Schminke, 1981). Only one species, I. gracilipes, which is confined to the Meseta in two regions which were never covered by the marine transgressions and which belong to the most primitive group among Iberobathynella, could corroborate this hypothesis. The majority of the species live in sectors which underwent one or several marine transgressions; so the second hypothesis considers an adaptation to the interstitial life in the littoral or marginolittoral zones followed by a double vicariant process involving both plate tectonics and eustatic regressions of the Tethys during Mesozoic and Cenozoîc times. A contact speciation might have occurred in the circum-Meseta species, conforting the first hypothesis. CAMACHO, A. I. & C. PUCH. 1990. Une méthode pour la réalisation de dissections et de préparations provisoires de petits crustacés aquatiques souterrains et interstitiels. Crustaceana, 59(1): 1-8.. A new method to make temporary microscope slides of the dissected appendices of the microcrustaceans is described; the technique could be applied to many other organisms of small size. CAMACHO, A. I. & A. G. VALDECASAS. 1992. The subterranean environment. Limmnetica, 8: 167-174. This paper is a short essays on the fauna that inhabits the subterranean environment and its bearing to some critical and present day problem in Evolutionary Biology, with a review of the work done on Spanish subterranean waters. CAMACHO, A. I. 1992. Los medios acuáticos aubterráneos y sus poblaciones. Actas del VI Congreso Español de Espeleología. La Coruña: 35-52. En este trabajo tratamos de definir el ecosistema kárstico dentro de un cuadro estructural y funcional en su aproximación a un sistema considerado como un acuífero kárstico en su totalidad (Rouch, 1986). Los términos empleados para definir los habitat y a su fauna se resumen en cuadros que sintetizan terminologías facilitando la comprensión de la literatura biospeleológica a investigadores y profanos. Se hace un balance crítico de las metodologías más empleadas en la recogida de fauna acuática subterránea y presentamos las difernetes poblaciones que se encuentran en el medio acuático subterráneo de las cavidades del Norte de la Península Ibérica y que se han obtenido mediante los métodos de muestreo a los que antes nos referimos. G. VALDECASAS, A., A. I. CAMACHO & E. BELLO. 1992. Small water bodies: a neglected resource for aquatic invertebrate conservation. Conserving and Managing Wetlands for Invertebrates. Vaduz: 25-27. The main objective of this paper is to provide a quantitative assessment of the value of small wetlands for invertebrates conservation. During recent years there has been a positive trend among institutions devoted to conservation from big vertebrates to small ones and now invertebrates. It would be useful to provoke a similar trend concernig habitats, as in many occasions, "small is necessary". CAMACHO, A. I. 1992. A classification of the aquatic and terrestrial subterranean environment and their associated fauna.: 57-103. In: The Natural History of Biospeleology. Camacho, A. I. (Ed.). Monografías del MNCN, 7: 680 pp. A historical revision has been made of the classifications of the different habitats inside the subterranean environment, taken in a broad sense: terrestrial, aquatic and interstitial. This widely dispersed information is synthetized and presented in diagrams. The physico-chemical factors of both terrestrial and aquatic subterranean habitats are reviewed. Finally, the different classifications of the animal life forms and cycles are again reviewed and synthetized in diagrams. The purpose of the chapter is to provide the necessary and relevant references to the field. Drawings and schemes illustrate the different habitat and subdivisions. CAMACHO, A. I., E. BELLO, J. M. BECERRA & N. VATICON. 1992. A Natural History of the Subterranean Environment and its Associated Fauna.: 171-197. In: The Natural History of Biospeleology. Camacho, A. I. (Ed.). Monografías del MNCN, 7: 680 pp. In this work, several features of the subterranean environment and their associated fauna are presented, trying to desmitify this medium. Comparisosn with the surface fauna show that characters associated with the subterranean environment (and considered to be exlusive of it) are no longer acceptable as a general basis for modern theories. These characters are discussed in historical perspective, giving an overview of how ideas on the subterranean environment have evolved with time. We also try to depict, in several figures, how the animals are found in their natural environments, but avoid starting any explanation of morphological patterns. CAMACHO, A. I. 1992. Sampling the Subterranean Biota Cave (Aquatic Environment).: 135-168. In: The Natural History of Biospeleology. Camacho, A. I. (Ed.). Monografías del MNCN, 7: 680 pp. A short resume of the principles of the theory sampling the possible ways to analyze data is presented. Pros and cons of different sampling methods for the aquatic habitats inside caves as well as how to treat samples at laboratory for sorting and identifcation are summarized. Finally, some ideas that direct towards an ideal sampling programm taking into account the difficulties fo studying subterranean aquatic habitats are suggested. CAMACHO, A. I. & J. BEDOYA. 1994. Evaluation of the effects of different preservative and fixative fluids on aquatic invertebrates from interstitial waters. Collection Forum, 10(1): 20-31. Ethyl alcohol has long been used as a general fising and preservating agent for small aquatic invertebrates. It is recognized that there is no all-purpose fixative, but some fixatives are effective for large number of taxonomic groups. The objectives of this study were to determine wether or not it is better to fix samples from interstitial waters in the field, inmediatelly after collection, and to determine which fixatives are best suited for aquatic invertebrates. We tested 70% ethyl alcohol, 5% formaldehyde, Angelier's fluid and Koenike's fluid on oligochaetes, ostracods, copepods, syncarids, isopods, amphipods, mollucs and water mites. Sixteen possible fixative/preservative combinations were tested. It is no possible to make generalizations about fixing samples from interstitial waters in the field. The taxonomic groups studied differed as to preferred fixatives and preservatives. CAMACHO, A.I. & C. PUCH. 1995. Approche d'un écosystème karstique: La Torca de los Morteros, Burgos, Espagne. Spelunca, 59: 38-47. Un système karstique, à l'instar de celui que nous présentons dans cet article (le massif de Imunía, au nord de Burgos, Espagne) répond à notre avis à la définition d'"écosystème" (Rouch, 1968). A une unité physique se superpose une autre sur le plan faunistique et écologique. CAMACHO, A. I. & E. SERBAN. 1995. Tribu des Iberobathynellini nov., diagnose des taxa nouveaux (Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea, Podophallocarida). Trav. Inst. Spéol. "Émile Racovitza", 34: 15-75. On présente la tribu des Iberobathynellini nov., comprenant 22 espèces découvertes en Espagne (12 espèces), au Portugal (6 espèces), en France (1 espèce), au Maroc (1 espèce), au Texas (1 espèce) et en Californie (1 espèce). En analysant les diverses intensités de la diversification dans le goupe et en considérant le fait que dans la famille des Parabathynellidae Noodt les modofications structurales majeures des péréipodes ambulatoires ont eu lieu au niveau ed l'exopodite, on an institué les sous-tribus des Iberobathynellina nov. (exopodite biarticulé sur la plupart des péréipodes) et des Paraiberobathynellina nov. (exopodite triarticulé sur la plupart des péréipodes). Etant donné l'aspect le plus particulier du processus mentionné, le non-developpement de la dernière paire de péréipodes ambulatoires dans le cadre d'un groupe bien individualisé par la structure générale du pé´reipode 8 mâle et celle de l'antenne, toujours triarticulée, on institute la sous-tribu des Hexaiberobathynellina nov. La première sous-tribu réunit les genres Iberobathynella Schminke, 1973, Guadalopebathynella nov. et Californibathynella nov.; dans la deuxième sous-tribu on an encadré les genres Paraiberobathynella nov. et Texanobathynella Delamare, Coineau et Serban, 1975 et dans la sous tribu des Hexaiberobathynellina nov. le genre Hexaiberobathynella nov. Les recherches concernant les Parabathynellidés d'Espagne ont permis l'identification des 6 espèces nouvelles, taxa, permettant la mise en évidence de la manière de diversification d'ordre spécifquedans le groupe. La contribution propose un point de veu nouveau quant à la taxonomie des Iberobathynelles, considérés jusqu'à présent, comme appartenant à un seul genre (Schminke, 1973, Schminke & Noodt, 1988). CAMACHO, A. I. 1996. El mundo subterráneo, un reducto de biodiversidad. Biospeleología, 13: 49-53. Las cuevas y simas que pueblan el mundo subterráneo suscitan en el hombre un interés creciente por descubrir las especies animales que en ellas habitan. Ceguera y despigmentación son algunas de las características que diferencian a esta fauna de sus parientes del mundo exterior, en una lucha abierta por adaptarse a un medio hostil cada vez más fascinante desde el punto de vista biológico. CAMACHO, A. I. 1997. La fauna cavernícola del sector burgalés de Sierra Salvada. KAITE. Estudios de Espeleología Burgalesa, 7: 275-284. Del conjunto de cavidades conocidas en Sierra Salvada (Burgos), sólo 15 han sido visitadas con fines biospeleológicos, y con interés eminentemente faunístico. En este trabajo se hace una revisión bibliográfica de la fauna encontrada en las cavidades muestreadas y se incorporan los datos sobre fauna acuática recogida por nosotros mismos en alguna de esas cavidades. Se han encontrado 22 grupos faunísticos y sólo se cuenta con 13 determinaciones a nivel de género o especie. CAMACHO, A.I., E. BELLO & G. F. ESTABROOK. 1997. A statistical approach to the evaluation of characters to estimate evolutionary relationships among the species of the aquatic subterranean genus, Iberobathynella (Crustacea, Syncarida). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 60: 221-241. The 13 known species of the genus Iberobathynella were studied. Twenty-six characters with usually two or three states were revealed to have low within-species variability but show clear differences among some species. These characters were hypothesized to have states convex on the branching pattern of the phylogenetic lines that gave rise to these 13 species (i.e. be uniquely derived). Each pair of these hypotheses was tested for logical compatibility; then, for each character, a new character was created by choosing equiprobably one of the possible permutations of the 13 species to rename the species in each state. Characters created in this random way wolud have convex states only by chance, not by evolution. This random character was tested with each of the remainding 25 for logical compatibility as hypotheses of convexity. For each character, one thousand such random characters were created and tested. Sixteen observed characters were compatible with more other observed characters than 90% of their randomly generated counterparts, and so were considered plausibly non-random. They were used to speculate on branching patterns of the phyologentic lines among the 13 species. CAMACHO, A. I., E. BELLO & A. G. VALDECASAS. 1997. Los invertebrados de agua dulce de la isla de Coiba (Panamá).: 127-153. En: Flora y Fauna del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panamá). Inventario Preliminar. Castroviejo, S. (Ed.). Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional: 534 pp. A preliminary study of the freshwater invertebrates of the island of Coiba, has been carried out at the wet and dry seasons of 1994 and 1996. Sampling methods include: qualitative kicking and standard quantitative surber for the benthos of rivers; and Karaman-Chappuis digging methods for the interstitial riverine habitats. Table 2 shows the total number of methods/samples taken during each season. Tables 5-9 and figures 4-11 give a summary of the main groups present and their island distribution. Although not included in the work, there are confirmed new species waiting description in Ologochaeta and Polychaeta (Annelida) and Hydrachnellae (Acari). G. VALDECASAS, A., A. I. CAMACHO, P. ARANZADI & E. BELLO. 1997. Las aguas dulces de la isla de Coiba (Panamá).: 107-125. En: Flora y Fauna del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panamá). Inventario Preliminar. Castroviejo, S. (Ed.). Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional: 534 pp. In this paper, a survey of the water chemistry of Coiba island waters, during the dry and wet season are given. Except for restricted agricultural activity, the majority of Coiba surface has not been influenced by industrial, human or agricultural activity. High precipitation and well preserved mixed tropical forest provide Coiba with agreat number of small sized rivers and streams, some of the later of temporary nature (quebradas). Sampling methods. Several water variables were measured at the sampling point, and water samples for subsequent analysis were taken and kept aroun 4C before determination. These determinations took place within 30 days of samplinfg date. The following variables were measured al field location: Air temperature, mercury thermometer. Water temperature, Hanna HI 8414. pH, Hanna 8414. Conductivity, Hanna HI 8733. Dissolved oxygen, Crison OXI-92. Alcalinity, kit Hacht. Aroun 4 liters were filtered for clorofila analysis for each sampling station with Whatman GF/C filters and kept dry and opaque before determinatiion. Polyethylene bottles were used for water analysis done at the laboratory in Madrid. Water was filtered through Millipore filter 0.45 mm for reactive solute silica via molibdato (Tabitai, 1974). Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH+ were determined by complexometric method; oxidability through hot permanganate (Rodier, 1975); chloride, via volumetric with mercuric nitrate (Golterman & al., 1978); total phosphorus previous conversion to ortophosphate via acid digestion as Murphy & Riley, 1962. Fe, Mn, Zinc, Cu, Cd via atomic absorption spectrofotometry. Chlorophyll were extracted with acetone, 90% and centrifugated at 1,500 rpm during 3 minutes. Chlorophyll a concentration was calculated from the spectrofotometric absorvance after Lorenzen, 1967. Table 1 includes the sampled rivers and table 2 atmospheric max/min/mean temperature and max/min/mean precipitation for both seasons. Tables 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 give results for the physical and chemical studied variables. Waters of Coiba, if we make an exception of the thermal waters, are of basic nature, low conductivity except at mouth location and well oxygenated. Conductivity values are higher in summer than in winter, as expected. No evidence of organoc pollution was detcted by the nitrite kit, although in no case the sampling station was located below any penal camp. It may be concluded that water chemistry is fairy uniform among streams and seasons except for the source of thermal waters. Regarding nutrients, it may be useful to compare these data with those given by Gentry (1990) for four neutropical rainforest streams and rivers. Ca2+, Mg2+ are slightly higher in Coiba at both seasons. K2+, NH4 and total phosphorus are similar and very low content. This low nutrient concentration may be responsible for the low Chlorophyll content of these waters. It can be added that, in no occassion could be detected a periphyton layer on stones, as is usual in more temperate waters. Several principal components analysis were run including/excluding island of Jicarón and thermal waters. The equations with the main influential variables are given for each case. CAMACHO, A. I. 1998. La vida animal en el mundo subterráneo: Habitantes de las grandes cuevas y simas de España.: 19-46. En: Grandes Cuevas y Simas de España. Puch, C. (Ed.). Ed. Espeleo Club de Gracia, Barcelona: 816 pp. En este trabajo se hace un pequeño repaso de las características del medio subterráneo, de las faunas que lo habitan y de la fragilidad del mismo. Se enmarca el término "Biodiversidad" en el contexto del mundo subterráneo y se ofrece un balance de la misma en las grandes cavidades españolas. De las 339 cavidades consideradas "Grandes cuevas y simas" en 1998 sólo se tiene noticia de la presencia de fauna en 75 de ellas. El número de especies conocidas es de 333 y son muchos los hallazgos que están pendientes de determinaciones específicas. Se ofrece un balance por provincias, por desarrollo, por desnivel, etc. Como apéndice aparece un listado de cavidades con sus faunas y un listado de especies por grupos. Contacto- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología evolutiva - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) - c/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. Madrid. E-28006 - Teléfono Nacional: (91) 411 13 28; Internacional: +34-1-4 11 13 28 - Fax Nacional: (91) 564 50 78; Internacional: +34-1-564 50 78 - E-mail: mcnac22@fresno.csic.es
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